Offline digital payment systems could verify availability of funds and validate transactions without the need to check in with an online ledger. They could use old-tech, non-internet-driven mobile phones or something like a souped-up stored-value card.
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Whether any of these ideas will go into full operation is an open question, but it does seem that in many regions offline access may be a make-or-break feature for central bank digital currencies.
The full article is available at https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2022/09/kiff-taking-digital-currencies-offline